Cargo Securing: Methods and Best Practices

Proper cargo securing is essential for vessel safety, cargo protection, and compliance with regulations. Improperly secured cargo can shift during heavy weather, causing damage, stability problems, or even vessel loss.

Importance of Cargo Securing

Safety Considerations

• Prevents cargo shifting
• Maintains vessel stability
• Protects crew and vessel
• Prevents cargo damage
• Ensures safe navigation

Regulatory Requirements

• SOLAS requirements
• IMO guidelines
• Flag state regulations
• Port state control
• Classification society rules

Types of Cargo

Container Cargo

• Standard containers
• Refrigerated containers
• Tank containers
• Open-top containers
• Flat rack containers

Bulk Cargo

• Grain and agricultural products
• Coal and minerals
• Ore and concentrates
• Cement and aggregates

Breakbulk Cargo

• Steel products
• Machinery and equipment
• Project cargo
• Vehicles and rolling stock

Liquid Cargo

• Crude oil
• Refined products
• Chemicals
• Liquefied gases

Securing Methods

Lashing

• Wire rope lashings
• Chain lashings
• Synthetic fiber lashings
• Combination lashings

Blocking and Bracing

• Timber blocking
• Steel bracing
• Air bags
• Dunnage materials

Shoring

• Vertical shoring
• Horizontal shoring
• Diagonal shoring
• Combination shoring

Friction Enhancement

• Friction mats
• Timber dunnage
• Rubber pads
• Anti-slip materials

Lashing Materials

Wire Rope

• High strength
• Good for heavy cargo
• Requires proper tensioning
• Regular inspection needed

Chains

• Very high strength
• Durable and reusable
• Requires tensioning devices
• Heavy and difficult to handle

Synthetic Fiber

• Lightweight and easy to handle
• Good elasticity
• UV protection needed
• Lower strength than wire/chain

Shackles and Fittings

• Proper grade and size
• Regular inspection
• Correct orientation
• Proper tightening

Securing Calculations

Forces Acting on Cargo

• Gravity forces
• Inertial forces from vessel motion
• Wind forces
• Wave impact forces

Securing Strength Requirements

• Calculate required lashing strength
• Consider safety factors
• Account for angle of lashings
• Verify against cargo weight

Stability Considerations

• Effect on vessel stability
• Center of gravity changes
• Free surface effects
• Stability calculations

Securing Procedures

Planning

• Review cargo manifest
• Plan stowage arrangement
• Calculate securing requirements
• Prepare securing plan

Execution

• Position cargo correctly
• Apply securing materials
• Tension lashings properly
• Inspect securing arrangement

Inspection

• Regular inspections during voyage
• Check for loosening
• Look for damage
• Verify tension

Common Mistakes

Insufficient Securing

• Not enough lashings
• Inadequate strength
• Poor distribution
• Missing components

Improper Tensioning

• Too loose
• Too tight (can damage cargo)
• Uneven tension
• No re-tensioning

Poor Planning

• Inadequate calculations
• Wrong materials
• Poor arrangement
• No inspection plan

Maintenance and Inspection

Regular Inspections

• Before departure
• During voyage
• After heavy weather
• At ports

What to Check

• Lashing condition
• Tension levels
• Damage or wear
• Loosening
• Cargo movement

Maintenance

• Replace damaged materials
• Re-tension as needed
• Clean and store properly
• Keep records

Safety Considerations

Personal Safety

• Use proper PPE
• Safe working procedures
• Avoid pinch points
• Team communication

Cargo Safety

• Protect cargo from damage
• Avoid over-tightening
• Use appropriate materials
• Follow manufacturer guidelines

Conclusion

Proper cargo securing is a critical skill that requires knowledge, planning, and attention to detail. Following best practices ensures cargo safety, vessel stability, and regulatory compliance. Regular training and experience are essential for mastering cargo securing techniques.